"Two spaces" lateral lymph node dissection based on fascia anatomy for low rectal cancer / 中华胃肠外科杂志

As a treatment of rectal cancer, lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) is still a controversial issue. The argument against LLND is that the procedure is complicated, and consequently results in a high incidence of postoperative urogenital dysfunction. The surgical modality from fascia to space is adopted by lateral lymph node dissection in "two spaces". This operation has significant advantages of clear location of nerves and blood vessels and simplified surgical procedures, so the surgical procedure can be repeated and modulated. The fascia propria of the rectum, urogenital fascia, vesicohypogastric fascia and parietal fascia constitute the dissection plane for lateral lymph node dissection.Two spaces refer to Latzko's pararectal space and paravesical space. During the establishment of fascia plane, the dissection of external iliac lymph node (No.293), commoniliac lymph node (No.273) and abdominal aortic bifurcation lymph node (No.280) can be performed. While in the "space" dissection, internal iliac lymph node (No.263), obturator lymph node (No.283), lateral sacral lymph node (No.260) and median sacral lymph node (No.270) can be removed. LD2 or LD3 lateral lymph node dissection prescribed by the Japanese Society of Colorectal Cancer can be completed according to the needs of the disease. This article describes the anatomical basis and standardized surgical procedures.

Value of high resolution magnetic resonance imaging for preoperative evaluation of Denonvilliers fascia in patients with rectal cancer / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Objective: Total mesorectal excision (TME) is the gold standard for surgical treatment of mid-low rectal cancer, but the postoperative incidence of urination and sexual dysfunction is relatively high. Preserving the Denonvilliers fascia (DF) during TME can reduce the postoperative incidence of urination and sexual dysfunction. In this study, high resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to observe the imaging performance and display of DF, so as to determine the value of this technique in preoperative evaluation of the preservation of DF. Methods: A descriptive cohort study was carried out. Clinical data of patients with rectal cancer who underwent TME and received preoperative high-resolution MRI at department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from August 2015 to June 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. The characteristics of DF were examined, and the shortest distance (d) between the anterior edge of tumor and DF was measured on high-resolution MRI. The distance d was compared between patients with stage T1-T2 and those with stage T3. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to determine the predictive value of d for stage T1-T2 disease. Results: Thirty-two patients were enrolled in the study, including 27 males and 5 females with mean age of (62.9±8.9) years. DF was visualized in 96.9% (31/32) of cases on the T2WI sequence. The mean distance d in patients with stage T1-T2 disease (n=23) was (6.73±2.65) mm, and in those with stage T3 disease (n=9) was (1.30±1.15) mm (t=5.893, P<0.001). A cutoff of d >3 mm yielded specificity and positive predictive value for diagnosing stage T1-T2 disease of both 100%, sensitivity of 95.7% and negative predictive value of 90%. The optimum threshold of d was >3.05 mm, and Youden index was 0.957. Conclusions: High-resolution MRI can show the DF and accurately evaluate the relationship of DF with tumor in rectal cancer patients. Analysis on d value can provide an objective basis for the safe preservation of DF.

Base of the skull morphology and Class III malocclusion in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to determine the morphological differences in the base of the skull of individuals with cleft lip and palate and Class III malocclusion in comparison to control groups with Class I and Class III malocclusion. METHODS: A total of 89 individuals (males and females) aged between 5 and 27 years old (Class I, n = 32; Class III, n = 29; and Class III individuals with unilateral cleft lip and palate, n = 28) attending PUC-MG Dental Center and Cleft Lip/Palate Care Center of Baleia Hospital and PUC-MG (CENTRARE) were selected. Linear and angular measurements of the base of the skull, maxilla and mandible were performed and assessed by a single calibrated examiner by means of cephalometric radiographs. Statistical analysis involved ANCOVA and Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: No significant differences with regard to the base of the skull were found between the control group (Class I) and individuals with cleft lip and palate (P > 0.017). The cleft lip/palate group differed from the Class III group only with regard to CI.Sp.Ba (P = 0.015). Individuals with cleft lip and palate had a significantly shorter maxillary length (Co-A) in comparison to the control group (P < 0.001). No significant differences were found in the mandible (Co-Gn) of the control group and individuals with cleft lip and palate (P = 1.000). CONCLUSION: The present findings suggest that there are no significant differences in the base of the skull of individuals Class I or Class III and individuals with cleft lip and palate and Class III malocclusion. .

OBJETIVO: o objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar diferenças morfológicas da base do crânio de indivíduos portadores de fissura de lábio e palato e de má oclusão de Classe III, comparado-os com indivíduos controle com má oclusão de Classes I ou III. MÉTODOS: oitenta e nove indivíduos, de ambos os sexos, com idade variando entre 5 e 27 anos, Classe I (n = 32), Classe III não fissurados (n = 29) e Classe III com fissura labiopalatina unilateral (n = 28), oriundos do Centro de Odontologia e Pesquisa da PUC-MG e do Centro de Atendimento de Fissurados do Hospital da Baleia e da PUC-MG (CENTRARE), foram selecionados. Medições lineares e angulares da base do crânio, maxila e mandíbula foram realizadas e avaliadas por um único examinador calibrado, por meio de radiografias cefalométricas. Foram utilizados os testes ANCOVA e correção de Bonferroni para a análise estatística dos dados. RESULTADOS: com relação à base do crânio, os resultados não indicaram diferença estatística entre indivíduos controle (Classe I) e os indivíduos com fissuras (p > 0,017). O grupo com fissura foi diferente do grupo Classe III somente em relação à medida CI.Sp.Ba (p = 0,015). O comprimento maxilar (Co-A) apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa na comparação entre o grupo controle (Classe I) e o grupo com fissuras (p < 0,001), sendo que os fissurados apresentaram uma maxila menor. Não foram encontradas diferenças na mandíbula (Co-Gn) entre indivíduos do grupo controle (Classe I) e indivíduos fissurados (p = 1,000). CONCLUSÃO: os resultados sugerem que não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na base do crânio entre indivíduos Classe I e III e indivíduos com fissuras de lábio e palato com má oclusão de Classe III. .

Immunohistochemical evaluation of fibrillar components of the extracellular matrix of transversalis fascia and anterior abdominal rectus sheath in men with inguinal hernia / Avaliação imunoistoquímica dos componentes fibrilares na matriz extracelular da fáscia transversal e da bainha do músculo reto abdominal de homens portadores de hérnia inguinal

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the role of fibrillar extracellular matrix components in the pathogenesis of inguinal hernias. METHODS: samples of the transverse fascia and of the anterior sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle were collected from 40 men aged between 20 and 60 years with type II and IIIA Nyhus inguinal hernia and from 10 fresh male cadavers (controls) without hernia in the same age range. The staining technique was immunohistochemistry for collagen I, collagen III and elastic fibers; quantification of fibrillar components was performed with an image analysis processing software. RESULTS: no statistically significant differences were found in the amount of elastic fibers, collagen I and collagen III, and the ratio of collagen I / III among patients with inguinal hernia when compared with subjects without hernia. CONCLUSION: the amount of fibrillar extracellular matrix components did not change in patients with and without inguinal hernia. .

OBJETIVO: avaliar a participação dos componentes fibrilares da matriz extracelular na etiopatogenia das hérnias inguinais. MÉTODOS: foram retiradas amostras da fáscia transversal e da bainha anterior do músculo reto abdominal de 40 homens na faixa etária entre 20 e 60 anos, portadores de hérnia inguinal tipo II e IIIA de Nyhus e de 10 controles constituído por cadáveres frescos, na mesma faixa etária, sem hérnia. A técnica de coloração foi a imunoistoquímica para colágeno I, colágeno III e fibras elásticas e a quantificação dos componentes fibrilares foi realizada através de sistema computadorizado e software de processamento e análise de imagem. RESULTADOS: não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes na quantidade de fibras elásticas, colágeno I e colágeno III, e na proporção de colágeno I/III entre os pacientes portadores de hérnia inguinal em comparação com indivíduos sem hérnia. CONCLUSÃO: a quantidade dos componentes fibrilares da matriz extracelular não se alterou nos pacientes com e sem hérnia inguinal. .

Riesgo de lesiones quirúrgicas en la fasciotomía plantar percutánea: estudio anatómico en cadáveres frescos / Risk of surgical lesions in percutaneous plantar fasciotomy: anatomical study in fresh cadavers

Introducción: La fascitis plantar es una patología frecuente, cuyo tratamiento es conservador, aunque en los casos sin respuesta se realiza cirugía. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el riesgo de lesionar los elementos nobles en la cirugía percutánea y establecer una zona de seguridad. Materiales y métodos: En 11 piezas cadavéricas frescas, se realizó la fasciotomía percutánea según la técnica de De Prado y se evaluó la relación con los elementos nobles, la lesión o no de estos y la distancia entre la sección del bisturí y las estructuras vasculonerviosas. Resultados: No se evidenciaron daños en los nervios y vasos del retropié. El promedio de distancia entre el corte y el nervio plantar lateral fue de 16 mm, y entre el corte y el nervio digiti quinti, de 10,7 mm. No hubo lesiones vasculares. Conclusiones: Este estudio demuestra el bajo riesgo de lesión neurovascular durante la práctica de la fasciotomía plantar percutánea cuando se trabaja en contacto con el calcáneo.

Background: Plantar fasciitis is a common condition. In cases of non-response to conservative treatment, surgery is performed. The aim of the study was to determine the risk of injury to noble structures in percutaneous surgery, and to define a safety zone. Methods: In 11 fresh cadavers, percutaneous fasciotomy was performed according to the De Prado technique, and later evaluated with regards to injury to noble structures, and distance between the knife and neurovascular structures. Results: There was no evidence of any damage to hind-foot nerves and vessels. The average distance between the incision and the lateral plantaris nerve was 16 mm, and between the incision and the digiti Quinti nerve 10.7 mm. There were no vascular lesions. Conclusions: The study demonstrates the low risk of neurovascular injury during the practice of percutaneous plantar fasciotomy, when working in contact with the calcaneus.

Necrotizing Fasciitis versus Pyomyositis: Discrimination with Using MR Imaging

OBJECTIVE: We wanted to evaluate the MR findings for differentiating between necrotizing fasciitis (NF) and pyomyositis (PM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The MR images of 19 patients with surgically confirmed NF (n = 11) and pathologically confirmed PM (n = 8) were retrospectively reviewed with regard to the presence or absence of any MRI finding criteria that could differentiate between them. RESULTS: The patients with NF had a significantly greater prevalence of the following MR findings (p < 0.05): a peripheral band-like hyperintense signal in muscles on fat-suppressed T2-weighted images (73% of the patients with NF vs. 0% of the patients with PM), peripheral band-like contrast enhancement (CE) of muscles (82% vs. 0%, respectively) and thin smooth enhancement of the deep fascia (82% vs. 13%, respectively). The patients with PM had a significantly greater prevalence of the following MRI findings (p < 0.05): a diffuse hyperintense signal in muscles on fat-suppressed T2-weighted images (27% of the patients with NF vs. 100% in the patients with PM), diffuse CE of muscles (18% vs. 100%, respectively), thick irregular enhancement of the deep fascia (0% vs. 75%, respectively) and intramuscular abscess (0% vs. 88%, respectively). For all patients with NF and PM, the superficial fascia and muscle showed hyperintense signals on T2-weighted images and CE was seen on fat-suppressed CE T1-weighted images. The subcutaneous tissue and deep fascia showed hyperintense signals on T2-weighted images and CE was seen in all the patients with NF and in seven (88%) of the eight patients with PM, respectively. CONCLUSION: MR imaging is helpful for differentiating between NF and PM.

Quantitative and qualitative analysis of collagen types in the fascia transversalis of inguinal hernia patients

BACKGROUND: Inguinal hernia is the second most common surgical case in our field. The anatomical factors alone are not enough to explain the inguinal hernia. Studies show changes in the proportion and quantity of collagen fibers in the developing of inguinal hernia. The greater production of collagen type III compared to the type I could justify the thinning of the fascia transversalis and its weakness. AIM: To determine the quantitative and qualitative changes of collagen in the fascia transversalis in inguinal hernia patients and compare them to findings from corpses without inguinal hernia. METHOD: Prospective case-control study based on the biopsy of fascia transversalis of 27 patients and 24 corpses. The technique used was hematoxylin-eosin and picrosirius colorimetry. RESULTS: The medium percent area of collagen (types I + III) and collagen type I, in both groups, show no statistic difference. The quantity of collagen type III was greater in the patients. Patients classified with Nyhus IIIa presented greater quantity of collagen type III. CONCLUSION: There is no significant difference in the quantity of collagen in the fascia transversalis of patients compared to the controls. An increase in the quantity of collagen type III was found in patients with inguinal hernia and a greater quantity in those patients classified with Nyhus IIIa.

RACIONAL: A hérnia inguinal é a segunda afecção cirúrgica mais comum em nosso meio. Os fatores anatômicos, isoladamente, não são suficientes para explicar a ocorrência das hérnias inguinais. Estudos apontam alterações na proporção e quantidade de fibras colágenas no desenvolvimento da hérnia inguinal. A maior produção de colágeno tipo III em relação ao tipo I poderia justificar o adelgaçamento da fascia transversalis e sua fraqueza. OBJETIVO: Determinar as alterações quantitativas e qualitativas de colágeno na fascia transversalis de doentes com hérnia inguinal e compará-las com achados em cadáveres sem hérnia inguinal. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo caso-controle com análise de biopsia de fascia transversalis de 27 doentes e 24 cadáveres. Utilizou-se a técnica de coloração de hematoxilina-eosina e picrosirius. RESULTADOS: A área percentual média de colágeno (tipo I + tipo III) e colágeno tipo I, nos dois grupos, não apresentou diferença estatística. A quantidade de colágeno tipo III foi maior nos doentes. Doentes classificados com Nyhus IIIa apresentaram maior quantidade de colágeno tipo III. CONCLUSÃO: Não há diferença significativa na quantidade de colágeno em fascia transversalis de doentes comparados com controles. Foi encontrado aumento na quantidade de colágeno tipo III nos doentes com hérnia e em maior quantidade nos doentes classificados como Nyhus IIIa.

Patogenia de la hernia femoral: consideraciones anatómicas / Pathogenesis of the femoral hernia: anatomic aspects

Diferentes autores se manifiestan en desacuerdo sobre las estructuras anatómicas involucradas en la pared dorsal del canal inguinal (PDC) y de la patogenia de las hernias femorales. En este estudio se analiza el rol que juegan las inserciones de la aponeurosis del músculo transverso (AMT) y del tracto iliopubiano (TIP) en la cresta pectínea en la patogenia de la hernia femoral. El estudio comprendió 22 disecciones que se realizaron en 16 cadáveres frescos, 9 varones y 7 mujeres, provenientes del Departamento de Anatomía Patológica del Hospital del Salvador. El método disectivo expulso ampliamente la PDCI y el anillo inguinal profundo. La AMT y el TIP se expusieron pinzándolos a nivel del anillo inguinal profundo y traccionándolos hacia cefálico, lo que permite su identificación. Se comprobó que en 12 casos (54,5 por ciento) la AMT se insertó vecina a la vaina femoral y en 10 (45,5 por ciento) alejada de ella a una distancia promedio de 1,2 (0,4-1,8) cm. La inserción del TIP en la cresta pectínea no fue reconocible cuando la AMT tuvo una inserción baja, ya que ambas estructuras se confundieron constituyendo un tejido conectivo de considerable firmeza. En los casos de inserción desplazada hacia medial del AMT se comprobó que en 7 casos el TIP se insertó en la cresta pectínea vecino a la vaina femoral constituyendo un plano firme. En los 3 casos restantes hubo un desplazamiento de la inserción del TIP hacia medial determinando una zona débil. En estos tres últimos casos se comprobó la salida de tejido lipomatoso con el aspecto externo de una hernia. Concluimos que para que se produzca una hernia femoral debe producirse un desplazamiento concomitante de la inserción de la AMT y del TIP hacia medial

Age related changes in the elastic fiber system of the interfoveolar ligament

In order to evaluate age related changes of the elastic fiber system in the interfoveolar ligament, we studied the deep inguinal ring from 33 male cadavers aged from stillborn to 76 years. Selective and alternated staining methods for elastic fibers were performed to differentiate oxytalan, elaunin, and mature elastic fibers. We confirmed quantitative changes of the elastic fiber system with aging. There was a significant and progressive reduction of the oxytalan fibers (responsible for tissue resistance) and a significant increment in the mature elastic and elaunin fibers (responsible for tissue elasticity). Furthermore, there were structural changes in the thickness, shortness and curling of these mature elastic fibers. These changes induced loss of the elastic fiber function and loss of the interfoveolar ligament compliance. These factors predispose individuals to the development of indirect inguinal hernias that frequently emerge in adults and aged individuals, especially above the fifth decade

Fascitis necrozante de los genitales masculinos: comunicación de dos casos y revisión de la literatura / Necrotizing fascitis of the masculine genital: report of two case and review of the literature

Se comunica el caso de dos pacientes con fascitis necrozante del escroto y pared abdominal, como los informados por Fournier en 1883, con la anatomía, fisiopatología, bacteriologíca y tratamiento del padecimiento con alto riesgo de mortalidad.